[root@linux ~]# rpm -qa | grep bind
bind-utils-9.2.4-16.EL4    <==这个是用户端搜寻主机名称的相关指令
bind-9.2.4-16.EL4          <==这个才是 DNS 伺服器主程式
bind-chroot-9.2.4-16.EL4   <==将 bind 主程式关在家里面！ ^_^

[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/named
ROOTDIR=/var/named/chroot

[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/named.conf
// 先定义出整个 DNS 伺服器的相关环境，包括查询、档案放置目录等
options {
        directory       "/var/named";
        dump-file       "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        pid-file        "/var/run/named/named.pid";
        forwarders     { 168.95.1.1; 139.175.10.20; };
        allow-query    { any; };  // 是否允许被查询？当然要可以被查询；
        allow-transfer { none; }; // 是否允许传送 zone ，预设不可
};

// 关于 DNS 伺服器的一些加密资料，先忽略过去先！
include "/etc/rndc.key";

// 关于 root (.) 的设定喔：
zone "." {
        type hint;                // 特殊的类别！专给 root (.) 用的
        file "named.root";        // 就是档名的定义啦！
};

// 关于本机 localhost 的正反解
zone "localhost" {
        type master;
        file "named.localhost";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
        type master;
        file "named.127.0.0";
};

// 这里规范出我们的 vbird.tsai 领域名
zone "vbird.tsai" {
        type master;
        file "named.vbird.tsai";
};
zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
        type master;
        file "named.192.168.1";
};

[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/named.root
; 抱歉，版权宣告部分先省略～
.                      3600000  IN  NS  A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.    3600000      A   198.41.0.4
;主机名称或领域名称    TTL          RR  相对应的资料
; 以下省略

[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/named.localhost
; 1. 首先是主机相关的设定
$TTL    600

; 2. 关于 master/slave 的授权内容，如果没有 slave 主机，依旧要设定喔！
@    IN   SOA  localhost.   root.localhost.  (
               2006102001  ; Serial  仅作为序号而已
               28800       ; Refresh slave 伺服器的更新时间
               14400       ; Retry   当 slave 主机更新失败，多久再重新更新一次
               720000      ; Expire  重复 retry 多久后就宣告不治....不再更新
               86400 )     ; Minimum 可视为 TTL ，尤其是你没有设定 $TTL 时

; 3. 本领域的 DNS 伺服器的主机名称与 IP 的对应
@          IN   NS   localhost.  ; 特别留意最后面的那个小数点！
localhost. IN   A    127.0.0.1

; 4. 其他 RR 可以加入的地方。 

[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/named.vbird.tsai
$TTL    600
@ IN SOA linux.vbird.tsai. root.linux ( 2006102001 28800 14400 720000 86400 )
; 本领域的 DNS 伺服器的主机名称与 IP 的对应
@          IN   NS     linux.vbird.tsai.
@          IN   NS     slave.vbird.tsai.
linux      IN   A      192.168.1.254
slave      IN   A      192.168.1.150
@          IN   MX 10  linux

; 其他 RR 可以加入的地方
www        IN   CNAME  linux
ftp        IN   CNAME  linux
forum      IN   CNAME  linux
winxp      IN   A      192.168.1.100
sun        IN   A      192.168.1.200
sun        IN   TXT    "The sun solaris OS"
sun        IN   HINFO  "Celeron 1G""Solaris 10"

[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/named.127.0.0
$TTL    600
@ IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. ( 2006102001 28800 14400 720000 86400 )

; 本领域的 DNS 伺服器的主机名称与 IP 的对应
@          IN   NS   localhost.
1          IN   PTR  localhost.

[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/named.192.168.1
$TTL    600
@ IN SOA linux.vbird.tsai. root.linux.vbird.tsai. (
        2006102001 28800 14400 720000 86400 )

; 本领域的 DNS 伺服器的主机名称与 IP 的对应
@          IN   NS   linux.vbird.tsai.
@          IN   NS   slave.vbird.tsai.
254        IN   PTR  linux.vbird.tsai.
150        IN   PTR  slave.vbird.tsai.

; 其他 RR 可以加入的地方。
100        IN   PTR  winxp.vbird.tsai.
200        IN   PTR  sun.vbird.tsai.

[root@linux ~]# /etc/init.d/named start  <==也可能是需要 restart 喔

[root@linux ~]# tail -n 20 /var/log/messages | grep named
named[28]: starting BIND 9.2.4 -u named -t /var/named/chroot
# 由这个说明我们可以知道 chroot 的目录与 named 启动的参数等资料

named[28]: using 1 CPU
named[28]: loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
# 由这个说明，可知道主要的设定档是由哪里载入的！记得加上 chroot

named[28]: listening on IPv4 interface lo, 127.0.0.1#53
named[28]: listening on IPv4 interface eth0, 192.168.1.254#53
named[28]: command channel listening on 127.0.0.1#953
named[28]: command channel listening on ::1#953
# 由这边可以查出 DNS 相关的服务在哪几个介面有提供！
# 至于那个 command 我们将在后面再继续说明。

named[28]: zone 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 2006102001
named[28]: zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 2006102001
named[28]: zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 2006102001
named[28]: zone vbird.tsai/IN: loaded serial 2006102001
# 记得要有这些 loaded serial 的资料，并且不能出现任何错误喔！

named[28]: zone vbird.tsai/IN: sending notifies (serial 2006102001)
named[28]: zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: sending notifies (serial 2006102001)
# 这个则是对于外部有其他 slave DNS 时，会发送注意讯息的说明。

named: /etc/named.conf:11: missing ';' before '}'
# 注意到上面提到的档案与数字吗？说明的是 /etc/named.conf 的第 11 行，
# 至于错误是因为缺少分号 (;) 所致！去修正一下即可。

dns_rdata_fromtext: named.vbird.tsai:5: near eol: unexpected end of input
zone vbird.tsai/IN: loading master file named.vbird.tsai: unexpected end of input
# 指的是 named.vbird.tsai 的第五行有问题，通常是 SOA 那五个数字没有完全！
# 赶紧去修订一下即可啊！

dns_rdata_fromtext: named.vbird.tsai:12: near 'linux': not a valid number
zone vbird.tsai/IN: loading master file named.vbird.tsai: not a valid number
# 说明第 12 行在 linux 附近需要有一个合法的数字！赶紧去瞧瞧改改即可！

[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/named.conf
....前面省略....
zone "vbird.tsai" {
        type master;
        file "named.vbird.tsai";
        allow-transfer { 192.168.1.150; };
};
zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
        type master;
        file "named.192.168.1";
        allow-transfer { 192.168.1.150; };
};
....后面省略....

[root@slave ~]# vi /etc/named.conf
....前面省略....
zone "vbird.tsai" {
        type slave;
        file "named.vbird.tsai";
        masters { 192.168.1.254; };
};
zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
        type slave;
        file "named.192.168.1";
        masters { 192.168.1.254; };
};
....后面省略....

[root@slave ~]# ls -l /var/named/chroot/var/named
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root   229 Oct 18 14:44 named.127.0.0
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root   675 Oct 18 13:44 named.localhost
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root  2517 Oct 18 00:34 named.root
# 注意，只要三个档案即可，其他两个 named.vbird.tsai 与
# named.192.168.1 不可以存在！否则会有问题啊！

[root@slave ~]# ls -ld /var/named/chroot/var/named
drwxr-x---  4 named named 4096 Oct 19 01:17 /var/named/chroot/var/named
# 注意到，这个目录的使用者必须要是 named ，然后分数至少得 750 才行！

[root@slave ~]# /etc/init.d/named start

[root@slave ~]# tail -n 20 /var/log/messages
zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: transferred serial 2006102001
transfer of '1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN' from 192.168.1.254#53: end of transfer
zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: sending notifies (serial 2006102001)
zone vbird.tsai/IN: transferred serial 2006102001
transfer of 'vbird.tsai/IN' from 192.168.1.254#53: end of transfer
zone vbird.tsai/IN: sending notifies (serial 2006102001)
# 理论上，你应该会看到如上的输出资讯才对！系统会告知 zone file 的传输结果

[root@slave ~]# ls -l /var/named/chroot/var/named
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root   229 Oct 18 14:44 named.127.0.0
-rw-------  1 named named  472 Oct 19 01:29 named.192.168.1
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root   675 Oct 18 13:44 named.localhost
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root  2517 Oct 18 00:34 named.root
-rw-------  1 named named  580 Oct 19 01:29 named.vbird.tsai

1  dumping master file: tmp-XXXXEnDd9D: open: permission denied
2  transfer of 'vbird.tsai/IN' from 192.168.1.254#53: failed while receiving 
   responses: permission denied
3  transfer of 'vbird.tsai/IN' from 192.168.1.254#53: end of transfer

[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/nsswitch.conf
hosts:      files dns

[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.1.254
nameserver 168.95.1.1
nameserver 139.175.10.20

[root@linux ~]# whois [domainname]  <==注意啊！是 domain 而不是 hostnam
[root@linux ~]# whois redhat.com
Registrant:
Red Hat, Inc.
   P.O. Box 13588
   Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
   US

   Domain Name: REDHAT.COM

   Administrative Contact, Technical Contact:
      Network, Operations               noc@REDHAT.COM
      Red Hat, Inc.
      1801 Varsity Drive
      ATTN Domain Administrator
      Raleigh, NC 27606
      US
      919.754.3700 fax: 919-754-3704

   Record expires on 25-May-2011.
   Record created on 26-May-1994.
   Database last updated on 19-Oct-2006 03:58:04 EDT.

   Domain servers in listed order:

   NS3.REDHAT.COM               66.187.229.10
   NS2.REDHAT.COM               66.187.224.210
   NS1.REDHAT.COM               66.187.233.210

[root@linux ~]# whois vbird.idv.tw
[查询 whois.twnic.net]
[whois.twnic.net]
Domain Name: vbird.idv.tw

   Contact:
      Der-Min Tsai
      vbird@aerosol.ev.ncku.edu.tw

   Record expires on 2008-09-17 (YYYY-MM-DD)
   Record created on 2002-09-13 (YYYY-MM-DD)

Registrar: HINET

[root@linux ~]# more /var/log/messages
1 Oct  5 05:02:30 test named[432]: lame server resolving '68.206.244.205.
  in-addr.arpa' (in '206.244.205.in-addr.arpa'?): 205.244.200.3#53
2 Oct  5 05:02:31 test named[432]: lame server resolving '68.206.244.205.
  in-addr.arpa' (in '206.244.205.in-addr.arpa'?): 206.105.201.35#53
3 Oct  5 05:02:41 test named[432]: lame server resolving '68.206.244.205.
  in-addr.arpa' (in '206.244.205.in-addr.arpa'?): 205.244.112.20#53

1. 修改 /etc/named.conf
[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/named.conf
// 加入底下这个参数：
logging {
        category lame-servers { null; };
};

2. 重新启动 bind
[root@linux ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

command channel listening on 127.0.0.1#953

couldn't add command channel 127.0.0.1#953: not found

1. 先建立 rndc key 的相关资料吧！
[root@linux ~]# rndc-confgen
# Start of rndc.conf
key "rndc-key" {
        algorithm hmac-md5;
        secret "aoIyK4uoiR1hEqedk2D2lw==";
};

options {
        default-key "rndc-key";
        default-server 127.0.0.1;
        default-port 953;
};
# End of rndc.conf
# 上面的输出请将他贴到 rndc.conf 档案当中吧！
# Use with the following in named.conf, adjusting the allow list as needed:
# key "rndc-key" {
#       algorithm hmac-md5;
#       secret "aoIyK4uoiR1hEqedk2D2lw==";
# };
#
# controls {
#       inet 127.0.0.1 port 953
#               allow { 127.0.0.1; } keys { "rndc-key"; };
# };
# End of named.conf
# 至于上面的 key 及 controls 的项目则贴到 named.conf 当中去！
# 请注意，这个 rndc-confgen 是利用乱数计算出加密的那把 key ，
# 所以每次执行的结果都不一样。所以上述的资料与你的荧幕会有点不同。

2. 建立 rndc.conf 档案
[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/rndc.conf
# 在这个档案当中将原本的资料全部删除，并将刚刚得到的结果给他贴上去
key "rndc-key" {
        algorithm hmac-md5;
        secret "aoIyK4uoiR1hEqedk2D2lw==";
};

options {
        default-key "rndc-key";
        default-server 127.0.0.1;
        default-port 953;
};
[root@linux ~]# chmod 640 /etc/rndc.conf  <==必需要设定好权限！
[root@linux ~]# chown root.named /etc/rndc.conf

3. 修改 named.conf
[root@linux ~]# vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
# 找到如下的这一行：
include "/etc/rndc.key";

# 将上述资料删除！因为该资料是旧的！然后加入这一段：
key "rndc-key" {
      algorithm hmac-md5;
      secret "aoIyK4uoiR1hEqedk2D2lw==";
};

controls {
      inet 127.0.0.1 port 953
              allow { 127.0.0.1; } keys { "rndc-key"; };
};

[root@linux ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

[root@linux ~]# rndc
Usage: rndc [-c config] [-s server] [-p port]
        [-k key-file ] [-y key] [-V] command

command is one of the following:

  reload        Reload configuration file and zones.
  stats         Write server statistics to the statistics file.
  dumpdb        Dump cache(s) to the dump file (named_dump.db).
  flush         Flushes all of the server's caches.
  status        Display status of the server.
# 其他就给他省略啦！请自行输入这个指令来参考啰！

范例一：将目前 DNS 伺服器的状态显示出来
[root@linux ~]# rndc status
number of zones: 6           <==这部 DNS 管理的 zone 数量
debug level: 0               <==是否具有 debug 及 debug 的等级
xfers running: 0
xfers deferred: 0
soa queries in progress: 0
query logging is OFF         <==是否将查询的资料记录下来？
server is up and running     <==主机目前正在运作当中

范例二：将目前系统的 DNS 统计资料记录下来
[root@linux ~]# rndc stats
# 此时，预设会在 /var/named/chroot/var/named/data 内产生新档案，你可以去查阅：
[root@linux ~]# cat /var/named/chroot/var/named/data/named_stats.txt
+++ Statistics Dump +++ (1161322745)
success 22
referral 0
nxrrset 0
nxdomain 3
recursion 6
failure 0
--- Statistics Dump --- (1161322745)

范例三：将目前快取记忆体当中的资料记录下来
[root@linux ~]# rndc dumpdb
# 与 stats 类似，会将 cache 的资料放置成为一个档案，你可以去查阅：
# /var/named/chroot/var/named/data/cache_dump.db

rndc: connection to remote host closed
This may indicate that the remote server is using an older version of
the command protocol, this host is not authorized to connect,
or the key is invalid.